PM2.5 Pollution and Health Risks in Northern India

Current Affairs National

Posted by newadmin on 2025-03-04 09:04:05 |

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Recent studies have shed light on the worsening air quality in Northern India, particularly in the Indo-Gangetic Plain. Research published in Nature Communications examines the sources and health effects of PM2.5, a fine particulate matter known for its harmful impact on public health. The study emphasizes the need to understand local emission sources and their contribution to air pollution.

Researchers analyzed PM2.5 samples from five locations, covering both urban and rural areas. Their findings revealed key components such as ammonium chloride and organic aerosols. In Delhi, vehicular emissions and residential heating emerged as major contributors, while areas outside the capital showed elevated levels of ammonium sulfate and aerosols resulting from biomass burning.

The study highlights the serious health risks associated with PM2.5 exposure. Its oxidative potential, which determines its ability to cause cellular damage, is primarily influenced by organic aerosols. These aerosols originate from the incomplete combustion of biomass and fossil fuels. Among the most critical contributors to this pollution are traffic emissions and residential fuel sources.

Seasonal variations play a significant role in aerosol concentration. While hydrocarbon-like organic aerosols remain persistently high throughout the year, primary organic aerosols peak during winter due to the increased use of cow dung for heating and cooking. In colder months, their concentrations can be up to ten times higher compared to warmer seasons.

Traffic emissions are another key factor in worsening PM2.5 pollution. Hydrocarbon-like organic aerosols from vehicles contribute significantly to the overall aerosol mass, with urban areas seeing their share rise to nearly 40%. This trend is especially evident during the warmer months.

A global comparison underscores the severity of the problem. The oxidative potential of PM2.5 in Indian cities is alarmingly high, surpassing levels recorded in cities across China and Europe by as much as five times. These findings reinforce the urgency of implementing measures to mitigate air pollution and protect public health in India.

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