Challenges in Eliminating Tuberculosis

Current Affairs National

Posted by newadmin on 2025-03-26 09:00:30 |

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Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant global health challenge, affecting millions each year despite medical advancements. Caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, TB primarily targets the lungs but can also spread to other organs. It is broadly classified into pulmonary TB, which affects the lungs, and extrapulmonary TB, which impacts other areas such as the spine, brain, and kidneys. A severe form known as miliary TB spreads throughout the body, leading to serious complications.

Active TB presents noticeable symptoms, including a persistent cough lasting over two weeks, chest pain, fatigue, weight loss, fever, chills, and night sweats. In contrast, latent TB remains asymptomatic but can still be detected through medical tests. The disease spreads through airborne transmission when an infected person coughs or sneezes, allowing the bacteria to enter the lungs, where they may remain dormant for years. If the immune system weakens, latent TB can become active, leading to a full-blown infection.

The immune system plays a crucial role in combating TB. Macrophages, which normally engulf and destroy harmful bacteria, can be hijacked by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, allowing it to survive and reproduce within these immune cells. This ability makes treatment more challenging. While most TB cases respond well to antibiotics like rifampicin and isoniazid, some bacterial strains develop resistance, necessitating complex treatment regimens. Drug-resistant TB poses severe health risks and requires early diagnosis for better management.

The genetic diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis affects disease severity. Certain bacterial lineages, such as Lineage 1, are associated with lower fatality rates and are more prevalent in low-density populations. Lineage 2, however, thrives in high-density areas and can be more lethal. A person’s overall health, including nutrition, also plays a crucial role in determining TB outcomes.

Global efforts to combat TB include genomic surveillance programs that track bacterial variants and improve treatment strategies. Expanding access to healthcare and enhancing nutrition are key factors in reducing fatalities. Research continues to focus on developing personalized treatment approaches and advanced diagnostic tools. The long-term fight against TB requires a multidisciplinary effort, with collaboration between scientists and healthcare professionals to deepen understanding and implement targeted public health interventions. By strengthening these strategies, TB can eventually be eradicated.

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